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iMac G4
A white computer with a hemispherical base and shiny Apple logo, attached to a flat screen with a metal arm. A keyboard and mouse sit in front of the computer, while flanking the base are round, shiny speakers.
iMac G4 with speakers and peripherals
ManufacturerApple Computer
Product familyiMac
TypeAll-in-one
Release dateJanuary 2002; 22 years ago (2002-01)
DiscontinuedAugust 31, 2004 (2004-08-31)
PredecessoriMac G3
SuccessoriMac G5

The iMac G4[a] is an all-in-one personal computer designed, manufactured, and sold by Apple Computer from January 2002 to August 2004. The computer is comprised of a hemispheric base that holds the computer components, including the PowerPC G4 processor, with a flatscreen liquid-crystal display (LCD) mounted above. The display is connected to the base via a stainless steel arm that allows the monitor to be tilted and swiveled.

Apple's previous release, the iMac G3 (1998), was a commercial success for Apple at a time when the company was close to bankruptcy. As component prices fell, Apple began envisioning a replacement based around an LCD instead of the G3's bulky cathode-ray tube. The resulting iMac G4 took two years to develop; its design was inspired by a sunflower and Apple CEO Steve Jobs's desire for each component of the machine to be "true to itself". The design eschewed the colorful translucency of the iMac G3 in favor of opaque white.

The iMac G4 was announced at Macworld San Francisco on January 7, 2002, and began shipping that month. The model was updated over the years with faster internal components and larger LCDs. The iMac G4 was a critical and commercial success for Apple, selling more than 1.3 million units in its first year. It was succeeded by the iMac G5 in 2004, which replaced the G4's bold design language with a more conservative look that would influence later iMac models.

Overview

[edit]

The iMac G4, originally marketed as the new iMac,[a] is an all-in-one personal computer. The machine has an integrated, flat liquid-crystal display (LCD) mounted on an adjustable stainless steel arm above a base that contains the internals. The arm allows the display to tilt the monitor up and down across 35 degrees, swivel the monitor 180 degrees side to side, and raise or lower by 7 inches (18 cm).[2][3] A clear plastic "halo" frames the display.[4] The 10.6-inch (27 cm) diameter hemispherical base is heavy enough to support the display, with the neck strong enough to support the weight of the entire computer for carrying.[5][6] The machine is designed for ease of use; the included instructions consist only of six pictures.[7]

The iMac G4 is powered by a PowerPC G4 processor. The computer has a quiet fan to cool the G4 processor through vents at the top of the base, unlike the iMac G3, which was cooled via convection.[8][9] The power button, power plug, and all the input/output ports are arranged on the back of the base, while the tray-loading optical drive sits in front, sporting a mirror finish Apple logo.[10][11] The power supply is also integrated into the base.[6] The machine features three Universal Serial Bus ports, two IEEE 1394 (Firewire) ports, Video Graphics Array (VGA) out, 100 Mbps ethernet and 56kbps modem connections.[10][12][6] After-purchase expansion is limited to additional random access memory or an AirPort wireless networking card; these are added by removing an access plate secured with captive screws on the underside of the base.[12][13]

The machine was initially sold with the Apple Pro Keyboard and Apple Pro Mouse in white.[10] While the iMac has a built-in speaker, certain models also shipped with external Apple Pro Speakers, introduced for the "Digital Audio" Power Mac G4. These use a proprietary connector instead of a 3.5mm headphone jack and have a higher output signal.[6][14] The iMac G4 was the first Mac to boot by default into Mac OS X, although it can also boot into OS 9 to use older software.[10][12][15] Pre-installed software included productivity applications (AppleWorks, iPhoto, iMovie, iTunes, iDVD, Quicken, and FaxSTF) internet browsers (Earthlink and AOL), the Pangea Software game Otto Matic, and World Book Encyclopedia.[16]

Development

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The iMac G3 released in 1998 and was a major success for Apple; it sparked a 400% rise in Apple's stock price in the subsequent two years and ultimately sold six million units.[17] It helped reverse a dire financial picture for the company, marked the first major collaboration between returning CEO Steve Jobs and head of design Jony Ive, and was manufactured using new methodologies at Apple that would be applied to their future products.[18][19] After the iMac's release, Apple revamped its product offerings for other consumer segments, including the Power Mac G3 and G4 and the iBook. Apple's industrial designers increasingly held more sway, and the engineering department saw significant turnover in the wake of the industrial design group's demands.[20] In 2001, the design team moved from a separate building to a new space in company headquarters, offering a larger area to generate ideas, prototype models, and showcase them to Jobs.[21]

A yellow sunflower perched atop a green, leafy stalk, with a cloudless blue sky behind it
Sunflowers provided inspiration for the iMac G4's design

Eighteen months after the iMac's release, Ive's team began considering a redesign that swapped the computer's bulky cathode-ray tube screen, around which the computer was designed, with a thin, flat liquid-crystal display (LCD).[22] Ive produced a prototype that attached the computer components behind the screen, similar to his work on the Twentieth Anniversary Macintosh.[23] The design came with drawbacks; the hard drive and optical drive would be less performant in a vertical orientation, and the added heat produced by the G4 processor would necessitate a noisy fan that would be positioned close to the user. There would also be no easy way to tilt and swivel the display without moving the entire machine.[24] Jobs hated the design, which he felt lacked purity. "Why have this flat display if you're going to glom all this stuff on its back?" he asked. "We should let each element be true to itself."[25] When Ive visited Jobs' house to talk over the issue, Jobs suggested basing the computer on a sunflower, which were growing in his garden. The suggestion of a narrative in the design appealed to Ive, who began sketching out designs drawing on the sunflower shape.[26][b]

The machine took two years to develop.[24] Ive and the design team first tried to attach the screen to the base with a series of vertebrae held together by spring-loaded cables. A clamp on the back of the screen applied tension to the cables and allowed the spine to loosen or stiffen. This design required two hands to grab the screen and release the clamp, and proved difficult for some users to adjust.[28] Ive solicited feedback from design consultancy firm IDEO, who recommended abandoning the spine idea in favor of a more practical design with two rigid arms. Designer Doug Satzger suggested that they did not need the amount of flexibility the two-arm design offered, and after Jobs concurred, the second arm was dropped. The final arm was made of stainless steel with an internal spring that balanced the screen while being free enough to be moved by the touch of a finger.[29] The designers added the plastic halo ringing the screen that offered space for adjustment without touching the display, and minimized the look of a thick bezel around the edges. The computer components of the machine were put in the weighted base, which borrowed work done for the ill-fated Power Mac G4 Cube to cool the machine by drawing air from the bottom and expelling it out the top.[30] The design suggested a sunflower or a desk lamp, and its anthropomorphic features made it, like its processor, feel more friendly and approachable. Jobs was so taken with the design that, in an uncommon move, he listed himself as the primary inventor on one of the design patents for the machine.[27][26] Whereas the iMac G3 had been made of translucent plastics in a variety of colors, the new iMac was mostly opaque white, following from decisions Jobs had made to make the iPod music player all white. Ive called the color "pure and quiet", and Jobs felt the color made consumer products feel more premium, rather than disposable.[31]

Release

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Three white computers arrayed side-by-side; they are identical save for their screens of differing sizes, arranged from smallest to largest.
15-inch, 17-inch, and 20-inch versions of the iMac G4.

The new iMac was unveiled at Macworld San Francisco on January 7, 2002.[32] Rumors had predicted a flat-panel iMac since the previous summer, as pundits considered the machine due for a revamp amid declining sales.[11][33] In the aftermath of the dot-com crash, Apple's market share had eroded to just above 4% in the United States, and less worldwide. Analysts had heightened expectations that the new iMac would be able to shore up Apple's market position.[17] On stage, Jobs declared the machine "the best thing I think we've ever done [...] it has a rare beauty and grace that is going to last the next decade." Ive surreptitiously walked the show floor to gauge the public's reaction.[32] The floating monitor and arm's anthropomorphism and sense of personality was highlighted in product videos and ads.[34]

Apple positioned the computer as the center of its "digital hub" strategy, where the Mac connected multimedia peripherals like the iPod and organized and edited audio and video.[35][36] Jobs argued that most consumers wanted a better computer than the ones commonly available, and that meant a Mac; the iMac and hub strategy were part of what he saw as a "third phase" of personal computing, where users used computers to produce creative media.[37][17][c] The price of an iMac with the ability to burn DVDs was under US$2,000, compared to the $3,500 it had cost two years earlier for the capability on a Power Mac.[37]

Apple stagger-launched the iMac G4. Only the most-expensive 15-inch model was available in January 2002, followed by the cheaper configurations in February and March.[38] Preorders of the iMac in its first week after announcement were the highest of any Apple product since the original.[39] Apple said it received more than 150,000 preorders for the iMac in the first month,[40] and produced more than 5,000 iMacs a day to meet the initial demand. Higher prices for RAM and LCDs caused the company to raise the price on iMac configurations by $100, though existing orders were honored at the original price.[41] A high-end model with a larger display released in August. This 17-inch iMac offered a widescreen 1440x900 pixel display, more hard drive capacity, and better graphics chipset, and was slightly heavier. The other iMacs dropped back to their original prices.[42] Low-end versions of the previous G3 model continued to be sold until 2003, later replaced by the eMac.[35][43][44]

The next revision to the iMac line came in February 2003; the previous configurations offered were reduced to a single 15- and 17-inch model each. Alongside lower prices, they featured faster processors, optical drives, and faster AirPort Extreme networking and RAM on the 17-inch model.[45] The 17-inch model also added an audio-in jack, the ability to mirror the display to composite video devices via an adapter, and a Bluetooth expansion module for short-range wireless communication with peripherals.[46]

In September 2003, the iMac line was revised, with the 15- and 17-inch models receiving faster processors and graphics at the same prices, and faster USB 2.0 ports replacing the 1.1 versions. The 15-inch model also received the Bluetooth and AirPort Extreme networking support that had previously been exclusive to the larger model.[47] A larger 20-inch monitor option was added in November, featuring the same specs as the 17-inch model. The 20-inch models were heavier and the arm stiffer to support the larger display, which made the monitors harder to manipulate and position.[48]

Reception

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The iMac G4 was positively received. Critics praised the ergonomics of adjusting the screen, and felt that the flat-screen design allowed them to forget the rest of the computer was there.[2][11][38] The Washington Post's Rob Pegoraro called the design "staggeringly useful—I would call it 'obvious', except hardly any other manufacturers offer anything like it. This [monitor] is the first monitor I've used that's always been in the right place."[12] USA Today's Edward Baig and others liked the desk lamp look,[3] with many comparing it to the Luxo Jr. character that starred in a Pixar short animation.[35][d] Pegoraro and James Coates compared the computer's dome to the character R2-D2.[12][36] Others found it ungainly, with Walter Mossberg and The Vancouver Sun's Peter Wilson left with the sense it was always likely to tip over.[38][49] Popular Mechanics's Tobey Grumet found the machine larger in person than the promotional shots suggested, and that the machine overall took up nearly as much space as the CRT model it replaced.[50] Critics called the screen bright and clear.[10][50][51]

Reviewers cited the iMac's ease of use as a major positive of the machine,[7] as well as the quality of its built-in software.[12][39][52] The Irish Times's Karlin Lillington said the setup of the computer was so simple a child could do it, while Baig cited the "plug and play" nature of hardware and software as the best feature of the computer.[7][3] The large port selection was also praised,[2][53] with The Baltimore Sun's David Zeiler saying they met the needs of home and education consumers who would not care about the computer's limited expansion options.[39] PC Magazine and HWM were among the publications that suggested the machine would entice Windows PC users to switch to Macs,[53][54] with the prices of comparably-specced iMacs and Windows PCs generally close.[e]

Critics noted the performance improvements of the G4 processor. Jason Snell of Macworld wrote that compared to the more basic consumer iMac G3, the new iMac was fast enough for more demanding users who did not need the expansion options of a Power Mac.[2] Peter Wilson and The New York Times's David Pogue felt that the iMac was a better value than the lower-end Power Macs, and might steal sales away from the latter.[49][11] In comparison, The Guardian's Neil McIntosh found the iMac powerful enough but that the Power Macs were much speedier than the on-paper difference suggested.[51] Macworld speed tests found that the iMac generally performed worse than equivalently clocked G4s in the Power Mac and PowerBook lines.[55][56]

Other critic complaints with the iMac included the placement of the computer's ports and power button on the back of the base, since it made it harder to plug and unplug peripherals.[f] McIntosh called it the machine's "Achilles heel."[51] Baig and PC Magazine's Troy Dreier found the external speakers sounded tinny.[3][53] Other complaints included the limited options for expansion,[38][49] color-shifting of the screens when viewed at extreme angles,[57] and low amount of RAM on the entry-level models.[39] Some reviews complained of hardware glitches and malfunctions.[12][3] Dreier felt the keyboard and mouse were unappealing and likely to be immediately replaced by users,[53] while Mossberg and ZDNet regretted the lack of a wireless option for the mouse and keyboard,[38][52] which Apple would not offer until 2003.[58]

Legacy

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The iMac sold 1.3 million units in 2002, making it Apple's top-selling product for the year.[59] The iMac G4 helped rehabilitate Apple's public image after the failure of the G4 Cube,[32] and proved that Apple's success with the iMac G3 was not a fluke.[9][60] Apple enthusiasts have called it one of the best computers Apple has made.[34][60][61] The design won a gold International Design Excellence Award in 2002, with Apple winning more awards that year than any other company.[62] Ive won the Designer of the Year award from the Design Museum in 2003 for his work on the iMac and other products.[63] iMac G4 models are held in the permanent collections of museums including the Museum of Modern Art, HomeComputerMuseum, Museums Victoria, and Science Museum Group.[64]

While Jobs had declared the iMac G4 would reshape the look of computers for the next decade, the iMac's ergonomic design language would not last three years. The balance of the machine was challenged by larger displays, and the G4 processor's successor, the G5, ran much hotter and needed more cooling. Macworld called the successor iMac G5 "conservative" compared to the G3 and G4 models, as it traded the exuberant colors or sunflower design of previous iMacs in favor of placing the computer internals behind the display[65]—the same approach Jobs had previously eschewed as inelegant. This design proved to be the template future iMac models would reflect.[61][1] The iMac G4 has been adapted by hobbyists to use newer components, including models that updated the internals with Apple's custom chips.[66][67]

Specifications

[edit]
Model Flat Panel[68] 15-inch 800MHz[69] 17-inch 1GHz [69] USB 2.0[70]
Release date January 2002[71] August 13, 2002[71] February 4, 2003[71] September 8, 2003[71] November 18, 2003[71]
Display 15" Thin-film-transistor (TFT) LCD 17" TFT widescreen LCD 15" TFT LCD 17" TFT widescreen LCD 15" TFT LCD 17" TFT widescreen LCD 20" TFT widescreen LCD
Processor 700 MHz 800 MHz 1.0 GHz 1.25 GHz
Cache 256 KB level 2 cache
Front Side Bus 100 MHz 133 MHz 167 MHz
Memory 128 MB of PC133 SDRAM 256 MB of PC133 SDRAM 128 or 256 MB of PC133 SDRAM 256 MB of PC133 SDRAM 256 MB of PC2100 (266 MHz) DDR SDRAM 256 MB of PC2700 (333 MHz) DDR SDRAM
Graphics Nvidia GeForce 2 MX
32 MB of DDR SDRAM 		Nvidia GeForce 4 MX
32 MB of DDR SDRAM 		Nvidia GeForce 2 MX
32 MB of DDR SDRAM 		Nvidia GeForce 4 MX
64 MB of DDR SDRAM 		Nvidia GeForce 4 MX
32 MB of DDR SDRAM 		Nvidia GeForce FX 5200 Ultra
64 MB of DDR SDRAM
Hard drive 40 GB, 60 GB, 80 GB 60 GB, 80 GB 80 GB, 160 GB
Optical drive 32x CD-R and 10x CD-RW write CD-RW Drive 8x DVD and 32x CD read Combo drive 6x DVD and 24x CD read; 2x DVD-R, 8x CD-R, and 4x CD-RW write SuperDrive 32x Combo drive 4x SuperDrive 32x Combo drive 4x SuperDrive
Network 10BASE-T/100BASE-TX Ethernet
56k V.90 modem
Optional 11 Mbit/s AirPort 802.11b 		10BASE-T/100BASE-TX Ethernet
56k V.92 modem
Optional 11 Mbit/s AirPort 802.11b 		10BASE-T/100BASE-TX Ethernet
56k V.92 modem
Optional Bluetooth 1.1
Optional 54 Mbit/s AirPort Extreme 802.11b/g
Peripherals 3x USB 1.1
2x FireWire 400
Built-in microphone
Audio out
Apple Pro Speakers mini-jack 		3x USB 2.0
2x FireWire 400
Built-in microphone
Audio out
Apple Pro Speakers mini-jack
Video out Mini-VGA
Original Operating system Mac OS 9 and Mac OS X 10.1 Mac OS X v10.2 Jaguar Mac OS X v10.3 Panther
Weight 21.2 lb. / 9.7 kg 22.8 lb. / 10.4 kg 21.2 lbs. / 9.7 kg 22.8 lbs. / 10.4 kg 21.2 lb. / 9.7 kg 22.8 lb. / 10.4 kg 40.1 lb. / 18.2 kg

Footnotes

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  1. ^ a b When released, the iMac G4 was referred to as 'the new iMac' to distinguish itself from the previous CRT-based models; they would retroactively be called iMac G3 and G4s to distinguish them.[1]
  2. ^ This is the most commonly given origin for the iMac G4's shape, but Leander Kahney reports another origin offered by an unnamed former executive. In this telling, Jony made two designs: one with the computer behind the screen, and one with a separate screen and base. Jobs chose the latter "goose neck" design because its anthropomorphic features made it more approachable.[27]
  3. ^ According to Jobs, the first phase of computing was using computers for work and utility (word processing, spreadsheets, etc.) while the second phase was connecting computers via the internet.[17]
  4. ^ Apple denied the Luxo Jr. influence; coincidentally, Pixar creative chief John Lasseter also directed the initial iMac G4 advertisement.[17]
  5. ^ Cited to [11][12][17][38][39][53]
  6. ^ Cited to [11][12][38][53]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Shakir, Umar (August 15, 2023). "iMac at 25: A Visual History of Apple's Iconic All-In-One Computer". The Verge. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d Snell (2002a), p. 53.
  3. ^ a b c d e Baig, Edward (February 6, 2002). "Apple's iMac Is Flat-Out Powerful and Pretty". USA Today. p. D.07.
  4. ^ Quittner & Winters (2002), pp. 48.
  5. ^ Michaels (2002a), pp. 29–30.
  6. ^ a b c d Knight Ridder News Service (January 15, 2002). "A Touching Experience". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. p. 04E.
  7. ^ a b c Lillington, Karlin (February 22, 2002). "Apple's Core Quality Shows With New iMac". The Irish Times. p. 58.
  8. ^ Bullard, Dave (January 16, 2002). "The Dream Screen". Herald Sun. p. C2.
  9. ^ a b Edwards, Benj (July 18, 2012). "The Exceptional iMac G4: Ten Years Later". Macworld. Archived from the original on September 29, 2023. Retrieved June 26, 2024.
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  11. ^ a b c d e f Pogue, David (January 10, 2002). "For Apple, To Be Flat Is a Virtue". The New York Times. p. G1.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i Pegoraro, Rob (February 17, 2002). "iMac's Radical Redesign Easy on the User as Well as the Eyes". The Washington Post. p. H7.
  13. ^ Michaels (2002a), p. 30–32.
  14. ^ Phin, Christopher (December 8, 2015). "The Best Speakers 'Apple' Ever Made". Macworld. Archived from the original on February 16, 2024. Retrieved June 26, 2024.
  15. ^ Michaels (2002a), p. 32.
  16. ^ Michaels (2002a), p. 30.
  17. ^ a b c d e f Quittner & Winters (2002), pp. 46–53.
  18. ^ Gallagher, William (April 19, 2020). "How Apple Went From Bust to Five Million Colorful iMac Sold". Apple Insider. Archived from the original on November 29, 2022. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
  19. ^ Kahney (2013), p. 141.
  20. ^ Kahney (2013), p. 149.
  21. ^ Kahney (2013), pp. 159–171.
  22. ^ Kahney (2013), p. 187.
  23. ^ Isaacson (2013), p. 445.
  24. ^ a b "Apple Takes a Bold New Byte at iMac". The Independent. January 20, 2002. Archived from the original on June 30, 2024. Retrieved June 19, 2024 – via The New Zealand Herald.
  25. ^ Kahney (2013), pp. 187–188.
  26. ^ a b Isaacson (2013), p. 446.
  27. ^ a b Kahney (2013), pp. 188.
  28. ^ Kahney (2013), pp. 188–189.
  29. ^ Kahney (2013), p. 189.
  30. ^ Kahney (2013), p. 190.
  31. ^ Isaacson (2013), pp. 390–391.
  32. ^ a b c Kahney (2013), p. 191.
  33. ^ Heid, Jim (January 3, 2002). "Tech 101; Mac Focus; Expo Fuels the Apple Rumor Mill". Los Angeles Times. p. T3.
  34. ^ a b Hackett, Stephen (February 28, 2018). "iMac G4: Form, Meet Function". iMore. Archived from the original on February 16, 2024. Retrieved June 24, 2024.
  35. ^ a b c Frith, David (January 15, 2002). "Desklamp Is a Head-Turner". The Australian. p. 35.
  36. ^ a b Coates, James (January 20, 2002). "New iMac Mighty, But How Many Will Notice?". Chicago Tribune. p. 5.4.
  37. ^ a b Pegoraro, Rob; ElBoghdady, Dina (January 20, 2002). "Building Creativity Into the Box; Electronics Companies Hope New Devices Will Spur Imaginations... And Sales". The Washington Post. p. H1.
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  40. ^ "Industry Report; Technology". Detroit Free Press. January 29, 2002. p. C2.
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  42. ^ Snell (2002b), p. 22.
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  45. ^ Michaels (2003), p. 21.
  46. ^ Snell (2003), p. 37.
  47. ^ Dalrymple (2003), p. 24.
  48. ^ Berger, Jennifer (March 17, 2004). "Reviews: 20-Inch iMac G4". Macworld. Archived from the original on June 21, 2024. Retrieved June 25, 2024.
  49. ^ a b c Wilson, Peter (January 17, 2002). "Maybe New-Generation iMac Is in the Cards, Or Maybe Not". The Vancouver Sun. p. D11.
  50. ^ a b Grumet (2002), p. 38.
  51. ^ a b c McIntosh, Neil (February 28, 2002). "Online: Me and My iMac". The Guardian. p. 5.
  52. ^ a b Sheets, David (January 23, 2002). "Digital Editing, Not Flat Screen, Is the New iMac's Real Gem". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. p. E3.
  53. ^ a b c d e f Dreier (2002), p. 42.
  54. ^ Tang (2002), p. 88.
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  56. ^ Jary, Simon (April 17, 2002). "iMac 800MHz (2002) Review". Macworld. Archived from the original on June 4, 2023. Retrieved June 25, 2024.
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  60. ^ a b Loyola, Roman (January 7, 2022). "Why iMac G4 Is Still the Greatest Mac Ever Made 20 Years Later". Macworld. Archived from the original on March 31, 2023. Retrieved June 25, 2024.
  61. ^ a b Snell, Jason (October 26, 2020). "20 Macs for 2020: #9 – iMac G4". Six Colors. Archived from the original on June 30, 2024. Retrieved June 21, 2024.
  62. ^ Hales, Linda (June 29, 2002). "At Awards, The I's Have It; The iMac and Three Other Apple Concepts Take Gold for Industrial Design". The Washington Post. p. C2.
  63. ^ Miller, Karyn (February 16, 2003). "Design of the Times; The Design Museum's Prestigious New Award Celebrates Britain's Hottest Talent". The Mail on Sunday. p. 42.
  64. ^ Attributed to multiple sources:
  65. ^ Norr (2004), p. 22.
  66. ^ Davis, Wes (May 4, 2024). "The Best iMac, Now with M2". The Verge. Retrieved September 3, 2024.
  67. ^ White, Monica (March 10, 2022). "Apple's 2002 iMac G4 Comes Back from the Dead with M1 Chip". Digital Trends. Retrieved September 3, 2024.
  68. ^ "iMac (Flat Panel), iMac (17-Inch Flat Panel) - Technical Specifications". Apple, Inc. Archived from the original on June 25, 2024. Retrieved June 25, 2024.
  69. ^ a b "iMac (17-Inch 1GHz) - Technical Specifications". Apple, Inc. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved June 25, 2024.
  70. ^ "iMac (USB 2.0) - Technical Specifications". Apple, Inc. Archived from the original on June 26, 2024. Retrieved June 25, 2024.
  71. ^ a b c d e Cited to the following press releases:

Sources

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